Categorized as Note: Note Careless Conflicts: Medical Marijuana Implications for Employer Liability in the Wake of Vialpando v. Ben’s Automotive Services George Fitting Note Looks Can Kill: The Dark Side of Indoor Tanning and What States Need to do to Help Protect Young Adults from This Deadly “Glow” Courtney M. Brokloff Note Certificate for the Needy: How the Iowa CON Statute Harms the Mentally Ill Jared T. Favero Note “A Fair Day’s Pay for a Fair Day’s Work”: Why Congress Should Amend the Fair Labor Standards Act to Include an Actual Time Test for Retroactive Damages Leslie E. Barron Note A Spoonful of Free Speech Helps the Medicine Go Down: Off-Label Speech & the First Amendment Luke Dawson Note Autism, Burlington, and Change: Why It Is Time for a New Approach to the IDEA’s Stay-Put Provision Michael A. Brey Note Nexus Rethought: Toward a Rational Factual Standard for Federal Criminal Forfeitures Benjamin Gillig Note Kafkaesque Dangers: IPERIA, Do Not Pay, and the Government’s New Fight Against Improper Payments Bryan Reece Clark Note The Need for Transparency in the Age of Predictive Sentencing Algorithms Alyssa M. Carlson Note Successful Agriculture and Clean Water?: A Workable Path Forward for Regulating Drainage Districts as Point Sources Under the Clean Water Act Eric M. Dirth Note You Can Have Your Day in Court—But Not Before Your Day in Mandatory, Nonbinding Arbitration: Balancing Practicalities of State Arbitration Amberlee B. Conley Note Disarray Among the Circuits: When Are Consumer Surveys Persuasive? Dominic A. Azzopardi Note Appearance Is Everything: Why Imposing Expenditure Limits on Hybrid PACs Without Functional Separation Is Essential to Democracy Nicholas G. Bushelle Note “It Wasn’t That Bad”: The Necessity of Social Framework Evidence in Use of the Reasonable Woman Standard Anna I. Burke Note Waking the Giant: A Role for the Guarantee Clause Exclusion Power in the Twenty-First Century Cormac H. Broeg Note A Definition Out of Reach: Clarifying Constructive Possession in Federal Sentencing Guideline 2D1.1(b)(1) Ellen E. Cranberg Note Changing the Game: How the United States Can Look to the European Union to Create Effective Sports Betting Legislation in a Post-PASPA World Nicolas T. Corbett Note Better Homes and Scattered Gardens: Why Iowa Should Legalize “Human Composting” as a Method of Final Disposition Katie M. Alfus Note Do Legislators Under Iowa’s Golden Dome Know Better?: Surveying Jury-Trial Constitutional Challenges on Damage Caps and Application to the Iowa Constitution Theodore Thomas Appel Note Ethical Dilemmas for In-House Counsel During the Pre-Litigation Employment Practices Liability Insurance Audit Kimberly J. Cullen Note Who Stole My Bitcoin?! A Look into the Problems Associated with State Custodial Taking of Unclaimed Cryptocurrencies Cassie B. Arntsen Note Socially Private: Striking a Balance Between Social Media and Data Privacy Adam A. Garcia Note Where, Oh Where Has My Property Gone?: The Case For Revising Iowa’s Recently Reformed Asset Forfeiture Law David W. Banta Note Who Decides?: Informed Consent Doctrine Applied to Denial of Reproductive Health Care Information at Crisis Pregnancy Centers Kassandra DiPietro Note The United States Sentencing Commission Attempts to Expand the Career Offender Guideline: The Addition of Inchoate Offenses to the Definition of Controlled Substance Offense Nicholett L. Dabb Note Fulfilling the Olmstead Decision’s Right to Home-Based Care in 2022: Paying Spousal Caregivers Delaney P. Bounds Note The Times: Are They a-Changin’? Saudi Law Finally Addresses Domestic Violence with Its Regulation on Protection from Abuse Tom Throneburg Butler Note Whaling on Walling: A Uniform Approach to Determining Whether Interns Are “Employees” Under the Fair Labor Standards Act Cody Elyse Brookhouser Note Improving Access to Commercial Websites Under the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act Courtney L. Burks Note Clash of Titans: Groupon v. The Model Rules of Professional Conduct Michael J. Conroy Note Legislating for a New Age in Medicine: Defining the Telemedicine Standard of Care to Improve Healthcare in IowaNew Article Bradley J. Kaspar Note Legislative Plumbing: Amending Iowa’s Municipal Utility Board Statute to Include a For-Cause Removal Requirement for Utility Board Trustees Joshua D. Feil Note Preventing a Boom from Turning Bust: Regulators Should Turn Their Attention to Starter Interrupt Devices Before the Subprime Auto Lending Bubble Bursts Kwesi D. Atta-Krah Note Straddling the Federal–State Divide: Federal Court Review of Interstate Agency Actions Daniel E. Andersen Note Wealth and Knowledge: Strengthening the Economy by Expanding the Qualified Purchaser "Sophisticated" Standard Under the Investment Company Act of 1940 Eveyln S. Anderson Note Protecting the Family Jewells: The Case for Strict Enforcement of Taxpayer 23-Day Notice for IRS Administrative Summonses Jeremy E. Carroll Note “It Will Be Good for You,” They Said: Ensuring Internships Actually Benefit the Intern and Why It Matters for FLSA and Title VII Claims Elizabeth Heffernan Note When the Virtual and Real Worlds Collide: Beginning to Address the Clash Between Real Property Rights and Augmented Reality Location-Based Technologies Through a Federal Do-Not-Locate Registry William T. McClure Note Section 512 of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act: User Experience and User Frustration Emily M. Asp Note The Drug Quality and Security Act: Providing Quality, but Not Security, for Patients Logan J. Eliasen Note Putting the Hanging Paragraph Out to Pasture: Reconciling the Mandates of Bankruptcy and Tax Law Nicholas J. Huffmon Note Towards a Fair Appeal: Rethinking Medicare Provider Agreement Termination Appeals Dexter R. Golinghorst Note Propping Open the Courthouse Door: Why Service Members Should Be Able to Bring Sexual Harassment Suits Under the Feres Doctrine Jeffrey A. Critchlow Note Let's Meet in the Middle: Constitutional Challenges and Policy Problems with Iowa's Open Meetings Law, with Suggestions for Improvement Luke J. Cole Note Water, Water Everywhere, but Not a Straw to Drink: How the Americans with Disabilities Act Serves as a Limitation on Plastic Straw Bans Isaac T. Caverly Note Judicial Review of Absentee Voting Laws: How Courts Should Balance State Interests Against the Fundamental Right to Vote Going Forward Sal H. Lee Note America’s Data Crisis: How Public Voter Registration Data Has Exposed the American Public to Previously Unforeseen Dangers and How to Fix It Charles J. Pults Note Muddy Water Blues: How the Murky Doctrine of Equitable Apportionment Should Be Refined Bernadette R. Nelson Note Hook, Line, and Stinker: How the Jurisdictional “Hook” for Hobbs is Unconstitutionally Broad, Leads to Overcriminalization, and Absurd Results Kameron C. Dodge Note Vanity Lawfare: Vanity License Plates and the First Amendment Drew A. Driesen Note Freedom Futures: Charitable Donations in White-Collar Sentencing Jessica Baldwin Bowes Note Undergraduate Unionization: A New Frontier of Student Organizing in a Post-Columbia World Anthony J. Fitzpatrick Note Corporate Social Responsibility: Can a Corporation Be Responsible If Its Only Responsibility Is to the Shareholders? Jackson C. Esker Note How to Ban a Book and Get Away With It: Educational Suitability and School Board Motivations in Public School Library Book Removals Ryan L. Schroeder Note Hired by a Robot: The Legal Implications of Artificial Intelligence Video Interviews and Advocating for Greater Protection of Job Applicants Brittany Kammerer Note Stalking in the Grocery Aisles: Using Section 5 of the FTC Act to Curtail Big Data Driven Price Discrimination Lauren E. Knudson Note The MLB’s Sports Data Related Activities Should Be Subject to Antitrust Scrutiny: Why Potential Plaintiffs Will Not Strike Out to the Baseball Antitrust Exemption Dylan J. Hoggard Note The Perfect Union: An Expansion of the Accredited Investor Definition and Potential Impacts on the Emergent Tokenized Real Estate Market Joseph O’Connor Gill Note The Iowa General Assembly Must Act to Protect the Personal Property Rights of Tenants Jad G. Elchahal Note No Child Left Alone: Why Iowa Should Ban Juvenile Solitary Confinement Lisa C. Castillo Note Establishing Principled Interpretation Standards in Iowa’s Cruel and Unusual Punishment Jurisprudence Elisabeth A. Archer Note An Iowa Law in Need of Imminent Change: Redefining the Temporal Proximity of Force to Account for Victims of Intimate Partner Violence Who Kill in Non-Confrontational Self-Defense Ashley D. Brosius Note The SEC on a Forum Shopping Spree: SEC Enforcement Power and Control Person Liability After Dodd–Frank Brianna L. Gates Note Scrutiny Mutiny: Why the Iowa Supreme Court Should Reject Employment Division v. Smith and Adopt a Strict Scrutiny Standard for Free-Exercise Claims Arising Under the Iowa Constitution Michael D. Currie Note Look to the States: How the State-Specific Interpretation Clarifies BAPCPA’s § 522 Ambiguity and Protects State Exemption Laws Kay E. Oskvig Note “Show Me Your Budget and I Will Tell You What You Value”: Why States Should Require School Districts to Publicize Their Budgets Matthew B. Hardin Note Japan’s “Reinterpretation” of Article 9: A Pyrrhic Victory for American Foreign Policy? Jeffrey P. Richter Note Fifteen Percent or Less: A Title VII Analysis of Racial Discrimination in Restaurant Tipping Jacob Kline Note The Forgotten Party in O’Bannon v. National Collegiate Athletic Association: How Non-Revenue Sports Operate in a Changing Intercollegiate Marketplace Dillon J. Besser Note Reconsidering Parodies in the Eighth Circuit Judy K. He Note Execution by . . . Heroin?: Why States Should Challenge the FDA’s Ban on the Importation of Sodium Thiopental Matthew C. Bergs Note Extreme Couponing: Reforming the Method of Calculating Attorneys’ Fees in Class Action Coupon Settlements Neil Connolly Note A Forgotten Past Creates a Fractured Present: Why Courts Should Utilize Historical Context when Interpreting Ambiguous Provisions of the 1977 Fair Debt Collection Practices Act Logan Kraus Note A New Deference Standard: The Rebuttable Presumption of Validity for USPTO Trademark Likelihood-of-Confusion Determinations Lauren A. Taylor Note Not “All Natural”: Modernizing Privity to Allow Breach of Contract Claims for Mislabeled Food Products Cecelia MacDonald Note Meet Me in the Middle: The Search for the Appropriate Standard of Review for the APA’s Good Cause Exception Kelli M. Golinghorst Note An Epistemological Argument Against Federal Rule of Evidence 403’s Cumulative Evidence Clause Nathan Kooker Note Shifting Purpose: Why Iowa’s Certificate of Need Law is a Form of Economic Protectionism for Certain Iowa Health Care Providers and Should Be Repealed Chad A. Heiman Note Conspicuous Prosecution in the Shadows: Rethinking the Relationship Between the FCPA’s Accounting and Anti-Bribery Provisions Nathan Golden Note The Inky Ambiguity of Tattoo Copyrights: Addressing the Silence of U.S. Copyright Law on Tattooed Works Arianna D. Chronis Note True Damages for False Claims: Why Gross Trebling Should Be Adopted Paden M. Hanson Note The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974: An Outdated Regulatory Framework for Retirement Investors Emma L. Russ Note Biting the (Loan) Sharks: Why the Truth in Lending Act Currently Fails in Its Goal to Promote Well-Informed Consumer Credit Decisions, and How Greater Allowance of Statutory Damages May Improve Its Effectiveness Thomas D. Lowry Note Regulating the Future: Autonomous Vehicles and the Role of Government Matthew L. Roth Note Traditional Sports and Esports: The Path to Collective Bargaining Kelsey F. Ridenhour Note One Gun Too Many: Double-Counting the Same Offense in Iowa T.M. Clint Harris Note How Can Iowans Effectively Prevent the Commercial Misappropriation of Their Identities? Why Iowa Needs a Right of Publicity Statute Madison J. Murhammer Colon Note “Dr., I Don’t Want Your Baby!”: Why America Needs a Fertility Patient Protection Act Sydni R. Eibschutz Note Far from a “Moot” Issue: Addressing the Growing Problem of Lower Courts’ Presumption of Governmental “Good Faith” in Voluntary Cessation Cases Jonathan M. Janssen Note Hiring in the Export-Control Context: A Framework to Explain How Some Institutions of Higher Education are Discriminating Against Job Applicants Austin D. Michel Note A Dereliction of Duty? The Iowa Supreme Court’s Careless Treatment of No-duty Doctrines Under the Restatement (Third) of Torts Brendan Smith Note Power to the Parents: How and Why Illinois Should Exempt Parent-Led Cooperative Childcare Pods (“PLCCPs”) from Day Care Licensure Stacy Massey Note Curb Your Activism: Contracting to Curb Debt Activism in a Post-Windstream World Peter A. Sotos Note After State v. Lyle: How the Iowa Supreme Court Maintained Mandatory Minimum Sentences for Juvenile Criminal Offenders Despite Recognizing Their Unconstitutional Nature Anne E. Parrish Note Going for Broke: Inclusion of Social Security Benefits in a Bad Faith Bankruptcy Analysis Joseph A. Kaczmarski Note Regulating Alcohol Delivery by Third-Party Providers in Iowa Sean S. McGiverin Note Ridesharing in the Sharing Economy: Should Regulators Impose Über Regulations on Uber? Hannah Posen Note From Off the Bench: The Potential Role of the U.S. Department of Education in Reforming Due Process in the NCAA Joshua J. Despain Note “Death by a Thousand Straws”: Why and How the Great Lakes Council Should Define “Reasonable Water Supply Alternative” Within the Great Lakes Compact Amanda K. Beggs Note Please Pass the Dictionary: Defining De Minimis Physical Injury Under the Prison Litigation Reform Act § 1997e(e) Elizabeth A. Etchells Note “Won’t You Be My Neighbor?” Living with Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations Emily A. Kolbe Note Does Iowa’s Health Care External Review Process Replace Common-Law Rights? Wade S. Hauser Note Identifying Employers’ “Proxies” in Sexual-Harassment Litigation Curtis J. Bankers Note The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act Takes the Bite Out of Sarbanes–Oxley: Adding Corporate Governance to the Discussion Stacie K. Townsend Note Is Tax Increment Financing Racist? Chicago’s Racially Disparate TIF Spending Jared F. Knight Note Just Take My Word for It: Creating a Workable Test to Ensure Reliability in Overseas Document Verification Reports for Asylum Proceedings Emily Michele Papp Note Drafting Effective Delaware Forum-Selection Clauses in the Shadow of Enforcement Uncertainty John C. Jorgenson Note Rape-Shield Laws and Third-Party Defendants: Where Iowa’s Laws Fall Short in Protecting Victims Jessica M. Donels Note The Importance of Specialist Medical Consultants in the SSA Disability Determination Process: Analysis and Proposals Clare J. Horan Note Plain Error by Another Name: Are Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claims a Suitable Alternative to Plain Error Review in Iowa? Jon M. Woodruff Note Foregoing the Cleaver for the Scalpel: How New York Can Add Some Nuance to Its Short-Term Rental Laws J.T. Minor Note Restoring Equilibrium: Why Twombly and Iqbal Should Apply to All Pleadings in Patent Cases Sarah E. Jack Note The National Historic Preservation Act: An Inadequate Attempt to Protect the Cultural and Religious Sites of Native Nations Amanda M. Marincic Note 147 Million Social Security Numbers for Sale: Developing Data Protection Legislation After Mass Cybersecurity Breaches McKenzie L. Kuhn Note Avoiding Liability: Changing the Regulatory Structure of Cryptocurrencies to Better Ensure Legal Use Allison M. Lovell Note Superfund, Pesticide Regulation, and Spray Drift: Rethinking the Federal Pesticide Regulatory Framework to Provide Alternative Remedies for Pesticide Damage Daniel L. Moeller Note Unwitting and Unwelcome in Their Own Homes: Remedying the Coverage Gap in the Child Citizenship Act of 2000 Holland L. Hauenstein Note Ripping Up the Astroturf: Regulating Deceptive Corporate Advertising Methods Matthew J. Scott Note The Unregulated Underground Market for Your Data: Providing Adequate Protections for Consumer Privacy in the Modern Era Brittany A. Martin Note How Nationwide Injunctions Have Thwarted Recent Immigration Policy Madison J. Scaggs Note Total Control: Corporate Governance, Firm Performance, and Possible Solutions for Reducing Downside Risk in Technology Companies with Dominant CEOs Matthew L. Strand Note Analyzing the Void-for-Vagueness Doctrine as Applied to Statutory Defenses: Lessons from Iowa’s Stand-Your-Ground Law Jessica A. Lowe Note A Defendant’s Ability to Pay: The Key to Unlocking the Door of Restitution Debt Dana A. Waterman Note The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act and International Comity: Is Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies Required for Nazi-Looted Art Claims? Brett A. Marek Note A Changing World Calls for Iowa to Apply the Alter Ego Doctrine to Irrevocable Trusts Patrick K. Kenney Note Improving the Patent Notice System: Replacing the Duty to Mark with a Unified Patent-Product Database Dylan Nguyen Note The Heart of the Discrimination Problem: Insufficient State Protection for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities In the Organ Transplant Process Isabella G. Neuberg Note Maximizing NIL Rights for College Athletes Taylor P. Thompson Note In the Interest of Justice: Presuming Prejudice When the Right to Counsel in Removal Proceedings Is Denied Barbara L. Rodriguez Note Ruff Go: Identifying a Workable Solution to the Rights Clash Caused by Iowa’s Emotional Support Animal Laws Bryant S. Lowe Note In Liu of Disgorgement: A Call to Revise the SEC’s Civil Remedy Toolkit to Effectively Deter Market-Harming Securities Law Violations Brennen C. Walker Note Pulling over the United States Sentencing Guidelines: Defining “Arrest” Under Section 4A1.2(a)(2) John A. Richter Note The Need for “Knowing”: Why the Iowa Supreme Court Should Reject Schneckloth v. Bustamonte Alexandra L. Pratt Note Don’t Die in Iowa: Restoring Iowans’ Right to Direct Final Disposition of Their Bodily Remains Timothy J. Farmer Note Devising a Standard for Section 3: Post-Shelby County Voting Rights Litigation Roseann R. Romano Note Unapproved Genetically Modified Corn: It’s What’s for Dinner Kyndra A. Lundquist Note An Analysis of Facebook “Likes” and Other Nonverbal Internet Communication Under the Federal Rules of Evidence Molly D. McPartland Note From the Police Precinct to Your Neighbor’s Coffee Table: Limiting Public Dissemination of Mug Shots During an Ongoing Criminal Proceeding Under the Freedom of Information Act Whitney T. Martin Note Time for a Fresh Look at the “Undue Hardship” Bankruptcy Standard for Student Debtors G. Michael Bedinger VI Note Under the Guise of Reform: How Marijuana Possession Is Exposing the Flaws in the Criminal Justice System’s Guarantee of a Right to a Jury Trial Taylor E. Whitten Note Iowa’s State RICO Statute: Wreaking Havoc on Iowa’s Criminal Justice System Anna T. Stoeffler Note The Case for Deferring to the EEOC’s Interpretations in Macy and Foxx to Classify LGBT Discrimination as Sex Discrimination Under Title VII Tessa M. Register Note Pre-Submission Risk Adjustment Audits: Preventing Medicare Advantage Plans from Draining Medicare Funds Dry Casie C. Rodenberger Note Form Over Function: Remedying VARA’s Exclusion of Visual Art with Functional Qualities Brandon J. Pakkebier Note Abuse of Discretion and the Sliding Scale of Deference: Restoring the Balance of Power Between Circuit Courts and District Courts for Rule 23 Class Certification Decisions in Oil and Gas Royalty Litigation David C. Miller Note ASSIGNED ALL MY RIGHTS AWAY: The Overuse of Assignment Provisions in Contracts for Patent Rights Emily A. Sample Note Determining the Right Requirements for Restarting the Limitation Period in Private Antitrust Conspiracy Suits Reid J. Shepard Note Trust the Process: How the NBA Can Combat Its “Tanking” Problem in Court Allen T. Paxton Note Clawing Back Tuition Payments in Bankruptcy: Looking to Ancient and Recent History to Define the Future Derek A. Huish Note Discrimination, Discretion, and Iowa’s Packed Prisons Derek W. Miller Note Defending the Right to Repair: An Argument for Federal Legislation Guaranteeing the Right to Repair Nicholas A. Mirr Note When a Stranger Catcalls: The Need for Street Harassment Remedies in Iowa Chandler L. Mores Note Constructing a Compromise: The Current State of Gang Database Legislation and How to Effectuate Nationwide Reform Lauren M. Pittman Note Fiddling with the Switch: Why Critical Infrastructure Protection Standard CIP-008-6 Should Be Adjusted to Achieve Its Goal of Maintaining and Promoting a Robust American Bulk Power System Peter W. Raun Note She’s Got to Be Somebody’s Baby: Using Federal Voluntary Acknowledgments to Protect the Legal Relationship of Married Same-Sex Mothers and Their Children Conceived Through Artificial Insemination Jennifer P. Schrauth Note Deficiencies in the Federal Tort Claims Act “Law Enforcement Proviso” and the Need for Reform Christopher L. Svendsen Note Inconsistent Eminent Domain Laws Preventing Important Infrastructure: Iowa May Have the Solution Hannah J. Weymiller Note Lights, Camera, Cause of Action: Bringing a Right of Publicity Statute to Iowa that Balances First Amendment Concerns Rachel B. Zingg Note The Old Man and Rule 8.4(c): A Proposal for the Adoption of Maryland’s Misappropriation Rule in Iowa Allison Schmidt Note A Penny for Your Votes: Eliminating Corporate Contribution Bans and Promoting Disclosure After Citizens United Sarah G. Raaii Note Some (Don’t) Like It Hot: The Use of the “Hot Goods” Injunction in Perishable Agriculture Stephanie A. Koltookian Note Enforcement Upon the Unwitting: The Overreaching Ability of Courts to Appoint Substitute Arbitration Forums Under the Federal Arbitration Act Zachary M. Rupiper Note How to Deal with Hornets: The Administrative Procedure Act and the Social Cost of Carbon Jay G. Stirling Note Help! I Need Somebody (or Do I?): A Discussion of Community Caretaking and “Assistance Seizures” Under Iowa Law John W. Sturgis VII Note Prioritizing Failure: Using the “Rocket Docket” Phenomenon to Describe Adult Detention Emily R. Summers Note Preservation, Primacy, and Process: A More Consistent Approach to State Constitutional Interpretation in Iowa Eric M. Hartmann Note Reasonable for Whom? Developing a More Sensible Approach to the Discovery Rule in Civil Actions Based on Childhood Sexual Abuse Theodore R.A. Ovrom Note Hate Speech as Protected Conduct: Reworking the Approach to Offensive Speech under the NLRA Carly Thelen Note Chipping in at Work: Privacy Concerns Related to the Use of Body Microchip (“RFID”) Implants in the Employer–Employee Context Dario A. Rodriguez Note Solzhenitsyn's Submissive Sheep of Today: The United States' Susceptibility to Dictatorial Takeover and Presidential Overreach Derek LaBrie Note Why Corporations Should Be Held Liable for China’s Crimes Against Humanities in Xinjiang: Seeking Civil and Criminal Solutions Note Lost Causes? Why Iowans with Mental Illness Face an Uphill Battle for Social Security Disability Benefits David L. Rappenecker Note An Argument for Creating an Exception to § 547 for Payments on Intraday Overdrafts Zachary Gray Sanderson Note Deterring Racial Bias in Criminal Justice Through Sentencing Zane A. Umsted Note Keep Calm and Causation On: Reframing Causation Analysis in Private Section 1 Antitrust Actions at Summary Judgment Anne E. Hartnett Note Martinis, Manhattans, and Maltreatment Investigations: When Safety Plans Are a False Choice and What Procedural Protections Parents Are Due Ryan C. F. Shellady Note Justices, Justices, Look Through Your Books, and Make Me a Perfect Match: An Argument for the Realistic Probability Test in CIMT Removal Proceedings Evan F. McCarthy Note Good TV Makes Bad Justice: How the Rules of Professional Conduct Can Protect Fair Trial Rights Joshua Irwin Note “So, What Should I Ask Him to Prove that He’s Gay?”: How Sincerity, and Not Stereotype, Should Dictate the Outcome of an LGB Asylum Claim in the United States Kimberly D. Topel Note Why the Sixth Amendment Right to Counsel Includes an Out-of-Court Interpreter Kate O. Rahel
Note Careless Conflicts: Medical Marijuana Implications for Employer Liability in the Wake of Vialpando v. Ben’s Automotive Services George Fitting
Note Looks Can Kill: The Dark Side of Indoor Tanning and What States Need to do to Help Protect Young Adults from This Deadly “Glow” Courtney M. Brokloff
Note “A Fair Day’s Pay for a Fair Day’s Work”: Why Congress Should Amend the Fair Labor Standards Act to Include an Actual Time Test for Retroactive Damages Leslie E. Barron
Note A Spoonful of Free Speech Helps the Medicine Go Down: Off-Label Speech & the First Amendment Luke Dawson
Note Autism, Burlington, and Change: Why It Is Time for a New Approach to the IDEA’s Stay-Put Provision Michael A. Brey
Note Nexus Rethought: Toward a Rational Factual Standard for Federal Criminal Forfeitures Benjamin Gillig
Note Kafkaesque Dangers: IPERIA, Do Not Pay, and the Government’s New Fight Against Improper Payments Bryan Reece Clark
Note Successful Agriculture and Clean Water?: A Workable Path Forward for Regulating Drainage Districts as Point Sources Under the Clean Water Act Eric M. Dirth
Note You Can Have Your Day in Court—But Not Before Your Day in Mandatory, Nonbinding Arbitration: Balancing Practicalities of State Arbitration Amberlee B. Conley
Note Appearance Is Everything: Why Imposing Expenditure Limits on Hybrid PACs Without Functional Separation Is Essential to Democracy Nicholas G. Bushelle
Note “It Wasn’t That Bad”: The Necessity of Social Framework Evidence in Use of the Reasonable Woman Standard Anna I. Burke
Note Waking the Giant: A Role for the Guarantee Clause Exclusion Power in the Twenty-First Century Cormac H. Broeg
Note A Definition Out of Reach: Clarifying Constructive Possession in Federal Sentencing Guideline 2D1.1(b)(1) Ellen E. Cranberg
Note Changing the Game: How the United States Can Look to the European Union to Create Effective Sports Betting Legislation in a Post-PASPA World Nicolas T. Corbett
Note Better Homes and Scattered Gardens: Why Iowa Should Legalize “Human Composting” as a Method of Final Disposition Katie M. Alfus
Note Do Legislators Under Iowa’s Golden Dome Know Better?: Surveying Jury-Trial Constitutional Challenges on Damage Caps and Application to the Iowa Constitution Theodore Thomas Appel
Note Ethical Dilemmas for In-House Counsel During the Pre-Litigation Employment Practices Liability Insurance Audit Kimberly J. Cullen
Note Who Stole My Bitcoin?! A Look into the Problems Associated with State Custodial Taking of Unclaimed Cryptocurrencies Cassie B. Arntsen
Note Where, Oh Where Has My Property Gone?: The Case For Revising Iowa’s Recently Reformed Asset Forfeiture Law David W. Banta
Note Who Decides?: Informed Consent Doctrine Applied to Denial of Reproductive Health Care Information at Crisis Pregnancy Centers Kassandra DiPietro
Note The United States Sentencing Commission Attempts to Expand the Career Offender Guideline: The Addition of Inchoate Offenses to the Definition of Controlled Substance Offense Nicholett L. Dabb
Note Fulfilling the Olmstead Decision’s Right to Home-Based Care in 2022: Paying Spousal Caregivers Delaney P. Bounds
Note The Times: Are They a-Changin’? Saudi Law Finally Addresses Domestic Violence with Its Regulation on Protection from Abuse Tom Throneburg Butler
Note Whaling on Walling: A Uniform Approach to Determining Whether Interns Are “Employees” Under the Fair Labor Standards Act Cody Elyse Brookhouser
Note Improving Access to Commercial Websites Under the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act Courtney L. Burks
Note Legislating for a New Age in Medicine: Defining the Telemedicine Standard of Care to Improve Healthcare in IowaNew Article Bradley J. Kaspar
Note Legislative Plumbing: Amending Iowa’s Municipal Utility Board Statute to Include a For-Cause Removal Requirement for Utility Board Trustees Joshua D. Feil
Note Preventing a Boom from Turning Bust: Regulators Should Turn Their Attention to Starter Interrupt Devices Before the Subprime Auto Lending Bubble Bursts Kwesi D. Atta-Krah
Note Straddling the Federal–State Divide: Federal Court Review of Interstate Agency Actions Daniel E. Andersen
Note Wealth and Knowledge: Strengthening the Economy by Expanding the Qualified Purchaser "Sophisticated" Standard Under the Investment Company Act of 1940 Eveyln S. Anderson
Note Protecting the Family Jewells: The Case for Strict Enforcement of Taxpayer 23-Day Notice for IRS Administrative Summonses Jeremy E. Carroll
Note “It Will Be Good for You,” They Said: Ensuring Internships Actually Benefit the Intern and Why It Matters for FLSA and Title VII Claims Elizabeth Heffernan
Note When the Virtual and Real Worlds Collide: Beginning to Address the Clash Between Real Property Rights and Augmented Reality Location-Based Technologies Through a Federal Do-Not-Locate Registry William T. McClure
Note Section 512 of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act: User Experience and User Frustration Emily M. Asp
Note The Drug Quality and Security Act: Providing Quality, but Not Security, for Patients Logan J. Eliasen
Note Putting the Hanging Paragraph Out to Pasture: Reconciling the Mandates of Bankruptcy and Tax Law Nicholas J. Huffmon
Note Towards a Fair Appeal: Rethinking Medicare Provider Agreement Termination Appeals Dexter R. Golinghorst
Note Propping Open the Courthouse Door: Why Service Members Should Be Able to Bring Sexual Harassment Suits Under the Feres Doctrine Jeffrey A. Critchlow
Note Let's Meet in the Middle: Constitutional Challenges and Policy Problems with Iowa's Open Meetings Law, with Suggestions for Improvement Luke J. Cole
Note Water, Water Everywhere, but Not a Straw to Drink: How the Americans with Disabilities Act Serves as a Limitation on Plastic Straw Bans Isaac T. Caverly
Note Judicial Review of Absentee Voting Laws: How Courts Should Balance State Interests Against the Fundamental Right to Vote Going Forward Sal H. Lee
Note America’s Data Crisis: How Public Voter Registration Data Has Exposed the American Public to Previously Unforeseen Dangers and How to Fix It Charles J. Pults
Note Muddy Water Blues: How the Murky Doctrine of Equitable Apportionment Should Be Refined Bernadette R. Nelson
Note Hook, Line, and Stinker: How the Jurisdictional “Hook” for Hobbs is Unconstitutionally Broad, Leads to Overcriminalization, and Absurd Results Kameron C. Dodge
Note Undergraduate Unionization: A New Frontier of Student Organizing in a Post-Columbia World Anthony J. Fitzpatrick
Note Corporate Social Responsibility: Can a Corporation Be Responsible If Its Only Responsibility Is to the Shareholders? Jackson C. Esker
Note How to Ban a Book and Get Away With It: Educational Suitability and School Board Motivations in Public School Library Book Removals Ryan L. Schroeder
Note Hired by a Robot: The Legal Implications of Artificial Intelligence Video Interviews and Advocating for Greater Protection of Job Applicants Brittany Kammerer
Note Stalking in the Grocery Aisles: Using Section 5 of the FTC Act to Curtail Big Data Driven Price Discrimination Lauren E. Knudson
Note The MLB’s Sports Data Related Activities Should Be Subject to Antitrust Scrutiny: Why Potential Plaintiffs Will Not Strike Out to the Baseball Antitrust Exemption Dylan J. Hoggard
Note The Perfect Union: An Expansion of the Accredited Investor Definition and Potential Impacts on the Emergent Tokenized Real Estate Market Joseph O’Connor Gill
Note The Iowa General Assembly Must Act to Protect the Personal Property Rights of Tenants Jad G. Elchahal
Note Establishing Principled Interpretation Standards in Iowa’s Cruel and Unusual Punishment Jurisprudence Elisabeth A. Archer
Note An Iowa Law in Need of Imminent Change: Redefining the Temporal Proximity of Force to Account for Victims of Intimate Partner Violence Who Kill in Non-Confrontational Self-Defense Ashley D. Brosius
Note The SEC on a Forum Shopping Spree: SEC Enforcement Power and Control Person Liability After Dodd–Frank Brianna L. Gates
Note Scrutiny Mutiny: Why the Iowa Supreme Court Should Reject Employment Division v. Smith and Adopt a Strict Scrutiny Standard for Free-Exercise Claims Arising Under the Iowa Constitution Michael D. Currie
Note Look to the States: How the State-Specific Interpretation Clarifies BAPCPA’s § 522 Ambiguity and Protects State Exemption Laws Kay E. Oskvig
Note “Show Me Your Budget and I Will Tell You What You Value”: Why States Should Require School Districts to Publicize Their Budgets Matthew B. Hardin
Note Japan’s “Reinterpretation” of Article 9: A Pyrrhic Victory for American Foreign Policy? Jeffrey P. Richter
Note Fifteen Percent or Less: A Title VII Analysis of Racial Discrimination in Restaurant Tipping Jacob Kline
Note The Forgotten Party in O’Bannon v. National Collegiate Athletic Association: How Non-Revenue Sports Operate in a Changing Intercollegiate Marketplace Dillon J. Besser
Note Execution by . . . Heroin?: Why States Should Challenge the FDA’s Ban on the Importation of Sodium Thiopental Matthew C. Bergs
Note Extreme Couponing: Reforming the Method of Calculating Attorneys’ Fees in Class Action Coupon Settlements Neil Connolly
Note A Forgotten Past Creates a Fractured Present: Why Courts Should Utilize Historical Context when Interpreting Ambiguous Provisions of the 1977 Fair Debt Collection Practices Act Logan Kraus
Note A New Deference Standard: The Rebuttable Presumption of Validity for USPTO Trademark Likelihood-of-Confusion Determinations Lauren A. Taylor
Note Not “All Natural”: Modernizing Privity to Allow Breach of Contract Claims for Mislabeled Food Products Cecelia MacDonald
Note Meet Me in the Middle: The Search for the Appropriate Standard of Review for the APA’s Good Cause Exception Kelli M. Golinghorst
Note An Epistemological Argument Against Federal Rule of Evidence 403’s Cumulative Evidence Clause Nathan Kooker
Note Shifting Purpose: Why Iowa’s Certificate of Need Law is a Form of Economic Protectionism for Certain Iowa Health Care Providers and Should Be Repealed Chad A. Heiman
Note Conspicuous Prosecution in the Shadows: Rethinking the Relationship Between the FCPA’s Accounting and Anti-Bribery Provisions Nathan Golden
Note The Inky Ambiguity of Tattoo Copyrights: Addressing the Silence of U.S. Copyright Law on Tattooed Works Arianna D. Chronis
Note The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974: An Outdated Regulatory Framework for Retirement Investors Emma L. Russ
Note Biting the (Loan) Sharks: Why the Truth in Lending Act Currently Fails in Its Goal to Promote Well-Informed Consumer Credit Decisions, and How Greater Allowance of Statutory Damages May Improve Its Effectiveness Thomas D. Lowry
Note How Can Iowans Effectively Prevent the Commercial Misappropriation of Their Identities? Why Iowa Needs a Right of Publicity Statute Madison J. Murhammer Colon
Note “Dr., I Don’t Want Your Baby!”: Why America Needs a Fertility Patient Protection Act Sydni R. Eibschutz
Note Far from a “Moot” Issue: Addressing the Growing Problem of Lower Courts’ Presumption of Governmental “Good Faith” in Voluntary Cessation Cases Jonathan M. Janssen
Note Hiring in the Export-Control Context: A Framework to Explain How Some Institutions of Higher Education are Discriminating Against Job Applicants Austin D. Michel
Note A Dereliction of Duty? The Iowa Supreme Court’s Careless Treatment of No-duty Doctrines Under the Restatement (Third) of Torts Brendan Smith
Note Power to the Parents: How and Why Illinois Should Exempt Parent-Led Cooperative Childcare Pods (“PLCCPs”) from Day Care Licensure Stacy Massey
Note After State v. Lyle: How the Iowa Supreme Court Maintained Mandatory Minimum Sentences for Juvenile Criminal Offenders Despite Recognizing Their Unconstitutional Nature Anne E. Parrish
Note Going for Broke: Inclusion of Social Security Benefits in a Bad Faith Bankruptcy Analysis Joseph A. Kaczmarski
Note Ridesharing in the Sharing Economy: Should Regulators Impose Über Regulations on Uber? Hannah Posen
Note From Off the Bench: The Potential Role of the U.S. Department of Education in Reforming Due Process in the NCAA Joshua J. Despain
Note “Death by a Thousand Straws”: Why and How the Great Lakes Council Should Define “Reasonable Water Supply Alternative” Within the Great Lakes Compact Amanda K. Beggs
Note Please Pass the Dictionary: Defining De Minimis Physical Injury Under the Prison Litigation Reform Act § 1997e(e) Elizabeth A. Etchells
Note The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act Takes the Bite Out of Sarbanes–Oxley: Adding Corporate Governance to the Discussion Stacie K. Townsend
Note Just Take My Word for It: Creating a Workable Test to Ensure Reliability in Overseas Document Verification Reports for Asylum Proceedings Emily Michele Papp
Note Drafting Effective Delaware Forum-Selection Clauses in the Shadow of Enforcement Uncertainty John C. Jorgenson
Note Rape-Shield Laws and Third-Party Defendants: Where Iowa’s Laws Fall Short in Protecting Victims Jessica M. Donels
Note The Importance of Specialist Medical Consultants in the SSA Disability Determination Process: Analysis and Proposals Clare J. Horan
Note Plain Error by Another Name: Are Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claims a Suitable Alternative to Plain Error Review in Iowa? Jon M. Woodruff
Note Foregoing the Cleaver for the Scalpel: How New York Can Add Some Nuance to Its Short-Term Rental Laws J.T. Minor
Note Restoring Equilibrium: Why Twombly and Iqbal Should Apply to All Pleadings in Patent Cases Sarah E. Jack
Note The National Historic Preservation Act: An Inadequate Attempt to Protect the Cultural and Religious Sites of Native Nations Amanda M. Marincic
Note 147 Million Social Security Numbers for Sale: Developing Data Protection Legislation After Mass Cybersecurity Breaches McKenzie L. Kuhn
Note Avoiding Liability: Changing the Regulatory Structure of Cryptocurrencies to Better Ensure Legal Use Allison M. Lovell
Note Superfund, Pesticide Regulation, and Spray Drift: Rethinking the Federal Pesticide Regulatory Framework to Provide Alternative Remedies for Pesticide Damage Daniel L. Moeller
Note Unwitting and Unwelcome in Their Own Homes: Remedying the Coverage Gap in the Child Citizenship Act of 2000 Holland L. Hauenstein
Note The Unregulated Underground Market for Your Data: Providing Adequate Protections for Consumer Privacy in the Modern Era Brittany A. Martin
Note Total Control: Corporate Governance, Firm Performance, and Possible Solutions for Reducing Downside Risk in Technology Companies with Dominant CEOs Matthew L. Strand
Note Analyzing the Void-for-Vagueness Doctrine as Applied to Statutory Defenses: Lessons from Iowa’s Stand-Your-Ground Law Jessica A. Lowe
Note A Defendant’s Ability to Pay: The Key to Unlocking the Door of Restitution Debt Dana A. Waterman
Note The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act and International Comity: Is Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies Required for Nazi-Looted Art Claims? Brett A. Marek
Note A Changing World Calls for Iowa to Apply the Alter Ego Doctrine to Irrevocable Trusts Patrick K. Kenney
Note Improving the Patent Notice System: Replacing the Duty to Mark with a Unified Patent-Product Database Dylan Nguyen
Note The Heart of the Discrimination Problem: Insufficient State Protection for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities In the Organ Transplant Process Isabella G. Neuberg
Note In the Interest of Justice: Presuming Prejudice When the Right to Counsel in Removal Proceedings Is Denied Barbara L. Rodriguez
Note Ruff Go: Identifying a Workable Solution to the Rights Clash Caused by Iowa’s Emotional Support Animal Laws Bryant S. Lowe
Note In Liu of Disgorgement: A Call to Revise the SEC’s Civil Remedy Toolkit to Effectively Deter Market-Harming Securities Law Violations Brennen C. Walker
Note Pulling over the United States Sentencing Guidelines: Defining “Arrest” Under Section 4A1.2(a)(2) John A. Richter
Note The Need for “Knowing”: Why the Iowa Supreme Court Should Reject Schneckloth v. Bustamonte Alexandra L. Pratt
Note Don’t Die in Iowa: Restoring Iowans’ Right to Direct Final Disposition of Their Bodily Remains Timothy J. Farmer
Note Devising a Standard for Section 3: Post-Shelby County Voting Rights Litigation Roseann R. Romano
Note An Analysis of Facebook “Likes” and Other Nonverbal Internet Communication Under the Federal Rules of Evidence Molly D. McPartland
Note From the Police Precinct to Your Neighbor’s Coffee Table: Limiting Public Dissemination of Mug Shots During an Ongoing Criminal Proceeding Under the Freedom of Information Act Whitney T. Martin
Note Time for a Fresh Look at the “Undue Hardship” Bankruptcy Standard for Student Debtors G. Michael Bedinger VI
Note Under the Guise of Reform: How Marijuana Possession Is Exposing the Flaws in the Criminal Justice System’s Guarantee of a Right to a Jury Trial Taylor E. Whitten
Note The Case for Deferring to the EEOC’s Interpretations in Macy and Foxx to Classify LGBT Discrimination as Sex Discrimination Under Title VII Tessa M. Register
Note Pre-Submission Risk Adjustment Audits: Preventing Medicare Advantage Plans from Draining Medicare Funds Dry Casie C. Rodenberger
Note Form Over Function: Remedying VARA’s Exclusion of Visual Art with Functional Qualities Brandon J. Pakkebier
Note Abuse of Discretion and the Sliding Scale of Deference: Restoring the Balance of Power Between Circuit Courts and District Courts for Rule 23 Class Certification Decisions in Oil and Gas Royalty Litigation David C. Miller
Note ASSIGNED ALL MY RIGHTS AWAY: The Overuse of Assignment Provisions in Contracts for Patent Rights Emily A. Sample
Note Determining the Right Requirements for Restarting the Limitation Period in Private Antitrust Conspiracy Suits Reid J. Shepard
Note Clawing Back Tuition Payments in Bankruptcy: Looking to Ancient and Recent History to Define the Future Derek A. Huish
Note Defending the Right to Repair: An Argument for Federal Legislation Guaranteeing the Right to Repair Nicholas A. Mirr
Note Constructing a Compromise: The Current State of Gang Database Legislation and How to Effectuate Nationwide Reform Lauren M. Pittman
Note Fiddling with the Switch: Why Critical Infrastructure Protection Standard CIP-008-6 Should Be Adjusted to Achieve Its Goal of Maintaining and Promoting a Robust American Bulk Power System Peter W. Raun
Note She’s Got to Be Somebody’s Baby: Using Federal Voluntary Acknowledgments to Protect the Legal Relationship of Married Same-Sex Mothers and Their Children Conceived Through Artificial Insemination Jennifer P. Schrauth
Note Deficiencies in the Federal Tort Claims Act “Law Enforcement Proviso” and the Need for Reform Christopher L. Svendsen
Note Inconsistent Eminent Domain Laws Preventing Important Infrastructure: Iowa May Have the Solution Hannah J. Weymiller
Note Lights, Camera, Cause of Action: Bringing a Right of Publicity Statute to Iowa that Balances First Amendment Concerns Rachel B. Zingg
Note The Old Man and Rule 8.4(c): A Proposal for the Adoption of Maryland’s Misappropriation Rule in Iowa Allison Schmidt
Note A Penny for Your Votes: Eliminating Corporate Contribution Bans and Promoting Disclosure After Citizens United Sarah G. Raaii
Note Some (Don’t) Like It Hot: The Use of the “Hot Goods” Injunction in Perishable Agriculture Stephanie A. Koltookian
Note Enforcement Upon the Unwitting: The Overreaching Ability of Courts to Appoint Substitute Arbitration Forums Under the Federal Arbitration Act Zachary M. Rupiper
Note How to Deal with Hornets: The Administrative Procedure Act and the Social Cost of Carbon Jay G. Stirling
Note Help! I Need Somebody (or Do I?): A Discussion of Community Caretaking and “Assistance Seizures” Under Iowa Law John W. Sturgis VII
Note Prioritizing Failure: Using the “Rocket Docket” Phenomenon to Describe Adult Detention Emily R. Summers
Note Preservation, Primacy, and Process: A More Consistent Approach to State Constitutional Interpretation in Iowa Eric M. Hartmann
Note Reasonable for Whom? Developing a More Sensible Approach to the Discovery Rule in Civil Actions Based on Childhood Sexual Abuse Theodore R.A. Ovrom
Note Hate Speech as Protected Conduct: Reworking the Approach to Offensive Speech under the NLRA Carly Thelen
Note Chipping in at Work: Privacy Concerns Related to the Use of Body Microchip (“RFID”) Implants in the Employer–Employee Context Dario A. Rodriguez
Note Solzhenitsyn's Submissive Sheep of Today: The United States' Susceptibility to Dictatorial Takeover and Presidential Overreach Derek LaBrie
Note Why Corporations Should Be Held Liable for China’s Crimes Against Humanities in Xinjiang: Seeking Civil and Criminal Solutions
Note Lost Causes? Why Iowans with Mental Illness Face an Uphill Battle for Social Security Disability Benefits David L. Rappenecker
Note An Argument for Creating an Exception to § 547 for Payments on Intraday Overdrafts Zachary Gray Sanderson
Note Keep Calm and Causation On: Reframing Causation Analysis in Private Section 1 Antitrust Actions at Summary Judgment Anne E. Hartnett
Note Martinis, Manhattans, and Maltreatment Investigations: When Safety Plans Are a False Choice and What Procedural Protections Parents Are Due Ryan C. F. Shellady
Note Justices, Justices, Look Through Your Books, and Make Me a Perfect Match: An Argument for the Realistic Probability Test in CIMT Removal Proceedings Evan F. McCarthy
Note Good TV Makes Bad Justice: How the Rules of Professional Conduct Can Protect Fair Trial Rights Joshua Irwin
Note “So, What Should I Ask Him to Prove that He’s Gay?”: How Sincerity, and Not Stereotype, Should Dictate the Outcome of an LGB Asylum Claim in the United States Kimberly D. Topel